- George Washington: Surveyor and Mapmaker - Library of Congress
An essay on George Washington's lifelong association with geography and cartography, "Tracing the Maps in George Washington's Life" contains the chapters Washington as Public Land Surveyor - Boyhood and Beginnings; Washington as Public Land Surveyor -
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- Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (History of Mathematics Archive) - David R. Wilkins
A biography and selected papers of Bernhard Riemann, available online or for download in various formats. A lecture on geometry and the paper which contains the Riemann Hypothesis are available in English translation; the other papers remain in the original
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- The Golden Ratio - Andi, Mel, and Shuj
An introduction to the golden ratio, also known as phi: its connection to the Fibonacci sequence, related constructions (star, line segment, rectangle, and spiral), and connections to biology, history, and aesthetics. Site also includes a glossary and
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- The Golden ratio - MacTutor Math History Archives
Linked essay on the history of the golden ratio (golden number, golden section), from Euclid through Martin Ohm's book, Die reine Elementar-Matematik. With references and other related web sites.
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- The Golden Section Ratio: Phi - Ron Knott
Contents: What is the Golden Ratio (or Phi)? - A simple definition of Phi, A bit of history; Phi to 2000 decimal places; Phi and the Fibonacci numbers - Another definition of Phi, A formula for Phi using a continued fraction, Rational Approximations
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- Googolplex - Frank Pilhofer
The American mathematician Edward Kasner once asked his nine-year-old nephew to invent a name for a very large number, ten to the power of one hundred; and the boy called it a googol. He thought this was a number to overflow people's minds, being bigger
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- Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art & Science - Stephanie Killian
When you visit the Math Museum in New York, you can build a math model; explore games and puzzles; view exhibits demonstrating how math is used in the arts and sciences; experience challenging but nonthreatening specialized programs and workshops in math;
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- Grassmann's Theory of Dimension - Desmond Fearnley-Sander
The theory of dimension for finitely-generated linear spaces was created by Hermann Grassmann and is given in detail in Chapter 1 of his Ausdehnungslehre of 1862. The main part of the present paper is an annotated translation of the relevant portion of
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- The Greatest Mathematicians of All Time - James Dow Allen
Rankings and capsule mathematical biographies of the 100 greatest mathematicians of all time, with discussion that covers great mathematicians' own self-appraisals; prizes and medals; omissions; proposed candidates; comparisons with other "top 100" lists
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- The Greatest Math Teacher Ever - Keith Devlin (Devlin's Angle)
An article about the individual who, Devlin suggests, could justifiably be described as the American university mathematician who, through his teaching, has
had the greatest impact on the field of mathematics... He was a pioneer in one of the most important
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- Greek Astronomy - MacTutor Math History Archives
Linked essay tracing the history of Greek astronomy from its beginnings with
Thales, in philosophy and timekeeping, through Pythagoras, Eratosthenes,
Hipparchus, Ptolemy, Plato, Aristotle, Aristarchus, and many others; with
references to relevant
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- Greek Mathematics and its Modern Heirs - SunSITE's Vatican Exhibit; Library of Congress
Classical roots of the scientific revolution. An essay on the history of Greek Math, with sample math problems. Covers Euclid's Elements and Optics, Archimedes' Works, Piero della Francesca's De quinque corporibus regularibus, and links to Ptolemy's Geography
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- Greek number systems - MacTutor Math History Archives
Linked essay on the history of the Greek number systems, notably the acrophonic system used in the first millennium BC, and the alphabetical numerals. With references and other related web sites.
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- Greek Science, Oral Report: Greek Mathematics - Chris Weinkopf
An oral report on the WWW, with links to relevant materials at the Perseus Project. The Four Divisions; Aristotelian Reclassification; Arithmetic; Geometry. Archytus, Plato, Aristotle, arithmetic as a function of logic, numbers as expressions of worth.
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- The Grothendieck Biography Project - Ferment Magazine
The on-going translation of Alexandre Grothendieck's Récoltes et Semailles into English.
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- Grothendieck Circle - Leila Schneps
Alexandre Grothendieck's published articles, unpublished research, letters, and translations: The Cohomology Theory of Abstract Algebraic Varieties, Standard Conjectures on Algebraic Cycles, Hodge's General Conjecture Is False for Trivial Reasons, Groupes
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- Groups, Graphs, and Paul Erdös - Ivars Peterson (MathLand)
The relative isolation that Andrew Wiles sought in solving Fermat's Last Theorem is certainly not the rule in mathematical research. Doing mathematics is really a remarkably social process. The abundance of meetings, conferences, workshops, colloquia,
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- HAKMEM - Beeler, Gosper, Schroeppel; Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT
A list of math and computer-related problems, unsolved in 1972 when the list originated, compiled "with the hope that a record of the random things people do around here can save some duplication of effort - except for fun." Topics include: Geometry,
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- Hankies, Snarks, and Triangles - Ivars Peterson (MathLand)
Both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There contain many examples of Dodgson's passion for mathematical games, puzzles, logic paradoxes, riddles, and all sorts of word play. Indeed, his fascination with
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- Hebrew Letters / Consonants - Amerisoft Inc.
A Hebrew letter and number chart from the At Home With Hebrew computer tutorial.
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- Hermann Grassmann and the Prehistory of Universal Algebra - Desmond Fearnley-Sander
A definition of universal algebra, with a sketch of its prehistory. "...abstract algebras are divided by a very simple scheme into self-contained `species'. Within each species a perfect duality is found between families of formal laws and the families
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- Histoire des maths et des mathématiciens - Franck Duffaud
Duffaud, enseignant dans le 93, a dédié son site à l'histoire des maths.
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- Historia-Mathematica - Julio Gonzalez Cabillon
A closed, unmoderated mailing list whose purpose is to provide a virtual forum for scholarly discussion of the history of mathematics among those with a serious interest in the field. English, Portuguese, and Spanish are the official languages, and abstracts
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- Historical Mathematicians Project - Karla Orosco; SCORE Mathematics
People throughout history have had a passion for mathematics. Small student groups use the Internet and other traditional sources to research historically significant mathematicians, write a paper, and present research in class. Aligned to the California
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- Historical Mathematics Monographs - Cornell University Library
More than 550 books in English, French, German, and Italian, scanned from originals held by the Cornell University Library. The Collection is indexed, can be browsed by author and title, and is freely available online to the public.
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- Historical Tidbits - Paul Golba
Biographical and mathematical information (from an online interactive textbook on Real Analysis by Bert G. Wachsmuth) on Niels Abel, Archimedes, Johann Bernoulli, Bernard Bolzano, Georg Cantor, Augustin Cauchy, Augustus De Morgan, Euclid, Leonhard Euler,
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- The history of cartography
- MacTutor Math History Archives
Linked essay on how map making has played an important role in the development of mathematics.
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- History of Compactness - Manya Raman
Download a paper that discusses the development of the concept of compactness, one of the most important and useful notions in advanced mathematics and a sort of gatekeeper topic to higher-level mathematics. By presenting an historical treatment of this
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- The History Of Computing - Dept. of Computer Science, Virginia Tech
Index of the items in a collection of math history materials related to the history of computing by J. A. N. Lee, Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, constructed as part of the course materials for the "Professionalism in Computing"
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- The History of Mathematics
Notes from a History of Mathematics course given at the Univ. of South Australia and a Graduate Certificate in Mathematics Education project. Topics include a chronological study of the development of number from a European and Eastern perspective; the
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- History of Mathematics - Carl Eberhart; Dept. of Mathematics, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
Information and Maple worksheets on Egyptian fractions and geometry, Babylonian numeration, Hippias and his Quadratix, cubic equations, trigonometry until Ptolemy, curves, and more. Also examples of student projects. A spring 1999 course on the history
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- The History of Mathematics in Clerihew - Joel R. Burgeson, Newman University
A clerihew is a humorous, unmetrical, biographical verse of four short lines —- two closed couplets -- with the first rhyme a play on the name of the subject. Read clerihews about Apollonius, Euclid, Pythagoras, Hero(n), Brahmagupta, Ramanujan, Turing,
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- History of Science, Technology, and Medicine - WWW Virtual Library (WWWVL)
A searchable online service established to keep track of information facilities in the history of science, technology and medicine. Sites are available alphabetically or by scientific field, source, exhibitions, institutions, regions, a historical biographical
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- A history of the Burnside problem - MacTutor Math History Archives
Linked essay on the development of the questions: Is a finitely generated periodic group necessarily finite? Is a finitely generated periodic group of bounded exponent necessarily finite?
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- A history of time: 20th century time
- MacTutor Math History Archives
Linked essay on the dramatic changes in ideas about time in the 20th century.
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- A history of time: Classical time
- MacTutor Math History Archives
Linked essay on the central role time has played in mathematics from its very beginnings.
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- The history of voting
- MacTutor Math History Archives
Linked essay on the history of electoral systems.
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- A history of Zero - MacTutor Math History Archives
Linked essay on the development of the concept of zero. There are two important but different uses of zero: one as a empty place indicator in our place-value number system, and one as a number itself in the form we use it as 0. There are also different
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- História da Matemática - Centro de Competência Nónio da Malha Atlântica
Uma colecção de problemas de diferentes civilizações, ao longo de diferentes períodos da história. Contando-se a origem e história de alguns problemas ou tipo de problemas. Cultúras incluem Egipto,
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- História da Matemática - história dos problemas - Maria João Lagarto
Uma colecção de problemas de diferentes civilizações, ao longo de diferentes períodos da história. Contando-se a origem e história de alguns problemas ou tipo de problemas. Cultúras incluem Egipto,
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- HO History and Overview (Front for the Mathematics ArXiv) - Univ. of California, Davis
Math History and Overview preprints, from the U.C. Davis front end for the xxx.lanl.gov e-Print archive, a major site for mathematics preprints that has incorporated many formerly independent specialist archives. Search by keyword or browse by topic.
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- Home Pages for Developing Courses - Mathematics Throughout the Curriculum, Indiana University
Interdisciplinary courses under development and close to finished: Life Sciences (BioMath Problems, Mathematical Foundation for Speech and Hearing Sciences), Business and Economics (Games and Decision Making, Games for Business and Economics, Mathematics
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- Horology: The Index - Fortunat Mueller-Maerki
Internet resources on clocks and time: directories, dictionaries, glossaries, etc.; organizations, information sources (horological homepages; e-mail addresses for cyber horologists; other electronic media: newsgroups, directories, e-zines, mail lists,
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- How a Slide Rule Works - Peter Fox
An explanation of how slide rules work, beginning with a rudimentary logarithm calculator and log tables, featuring a logarithmic scale to print out to make your own slide rule, and concluding with "tricks from the slide rule era."
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- How do we know about Greek mathematicians? - MacTutor Math History Archives
Linked essay examining how the dates of Diocles given in the MacTutor archive have been determined, and other ways to gain information about the ancient Greek mathematicians, with references and other related web sites.
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- How do we know about Greek mathematics? - MacTutor Math History Archives
Linked essay illustrating the way that Greek mathematical texts have come down to us by looking first at perhaps the most famous example, Euclid's Elements, and Archimedes' palimpsest, with references and other related web sites.
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- Hypatia of Alexandria: Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher - David Fideler; Alexandria on the World Wide Web
A brief biographical sketch, along with three source materials: The Life of Hypatia from The Suda; The Life of Hypatia by Socrates Scholasticus; and The Life of Hypatia by John, Bishop of Nikiu. (This Christian writer spoke with approval of the murder
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- Images of Mathematicians on Postage Stamps - Jeff Miller, Gulf High School, New Port Richey, FL
An alphabetical list of mathematicians whose images appear on postage stamps (Abel, Archimedes, Cauchy, Descartes, Euler, Galois, Gauss, Kovalevskaya, Laplace, Leibniz, Newton, Pascal, Poincaré, Ramanujan, and more), with countries, dates of issuance,
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- Index Using Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) - Dave Rusin; The Mathematical Atlas
The index pages at this site are organized according to the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) scheme. (This is the scheme developed by the American Mathematical Society and Zentralblatt für Mathematik.) General headings include Foundations;
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- Indian numerals - MacTutor Math History Archives
Linked essay on the method of expressing every possible number using a set of ten symbols (each symbol having a place value and an absolute value), which emerged in India. With references and other related web sites.
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